Fouling: When different kinds of materials stick to a surface in water
Barnacles on the bottom of a ship increases resistance during transportation
Membrane replacement may constitute 25-30% of the operating cost of filtration
If fouling material adheres strongly, washing is not effective
Chemical treatment is not environmentally friendly
Medical Implant
($10B)
Transportation
($77B)
Membrane Separation
($39B)
Heat Exchanger
($15B)
Using surface "nano" patterns to generate designed flow, disturbing foulants before they can attach